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Events and Trends
Technology
Invention of the telephone (1876) and phonograph (1877)
Science
James Clerk Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism
Ludwig Boltzmann's statistical definition of thermodynamic entropy
War, peace and politics
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) results in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire
Continuing expansion of the British Empire; beginning of the New Imperialism
Romania declares independence following war against Turkey
Other
In the United States, continuation of post-Civil War reconstruction until its conclusion under President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877
World Leaders
Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie (Canada)
Tongzhi Emperor (China)
Guangxu Emperor (China)
Emperor Wilhelm I (Germany)
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (Germany)
King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
King Umberto I (Italy)
Emperor Meiji (Japan)
Pope Pius IX
Pope Leo XIII
Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (United Kingdom)
President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
Category:1870s
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